题目看不完!如何加快雅思阅读速度?2+4个撇步快来收藏!
★略读(skimming)
「略读」指迅速读过文章标题与句子,并且将注意力放在「内容字」(例如动词与名词),以了解句子的大意。我们建议学员略读时,留意反复出现的字词或概念,因为这些资讯通常与大意有关。「略读」可以帮学员了解文章的整体内容与组织,帮助学员稍后回答问题时,快速找到与题目有关的段落。
让我们略读以下的范例段落:
South-East Asia on Track with Mass Transit Railways
A number of cities, including Toronto and Vancouver, are constructing mass transit railways in an attempt to overcome the inadequate road systems, where simply travelling five blocks can take over an hour. In this article, we take a look at this form of transport in three South-East Asian cities: Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.
A
Bangkok is a thriving city with a population of over nine million, and a further three million who travel into the city every day. Well-known for the terrible daily traffic jams, the Thai government desperately needed a transport system that would reduce pressure on the already busy roads. In 1992, city administrators embarked upon the Sky Train project, notable for several reasons.
B
First of all, the government was reluctant to invest public funds in the huge project (around $1.7 billion), so private investment had to be found. In the end, a conglomerate including Siemens and the Italian-Thai Construction Company won the contract but in 1997, when the Asian economic crisis hit, the whole enterprise nearly collapsed when nervous investors wanted to pull the plug. A second major issue was the actual construction, which was taking place in the middle of the road and, whilst accidents were rare, a taxi driver was killed when a beam fell from one of the viaducts. Construction was stopped for two months and stricter safety rules were implemented. A further difficulty involved personnel who all had to be trained from scratch.
...
由标题中的South-East Asia与Mass Transit Railways,学员可以预测文章主要讨论东南亚国家的大众捷运系统。继续略读斜体字部份的文章摘要,学员可以了解文章主要讨论Bangkok、Kuala Lumpur、Singapore三个城市的捷运系统。此时,学员可以预测文章的结构,应该是依序讨论Bangkok、Kuala Lumpur、Singapore三个城市捷运系统的发展。至于段落A与B,在快速略读之后,我们可以了解,段落A的大意是「Bangkok的捷运系统称为Sky Train」,段落B的大意则是「Bangkok在兴建Sky Train系统时所遭遇到的困难」。
通过「略读」,学员可以迅速了解文章的架构与段落的大意。接下来,学员就可以浏览问题,并且利用文章的架构,快速找到与题目相关的段落。
★扫读(scanning)
「扫读」指快速阅读文字,并且把注意力放在要寻找的字词或概念,而忽略其它无关的资讯。「扫读」最简单的例子,是寻找班机的登机门。当我们在机场阅读航班时刻表,寻找我们搭乘班机的登机门时,我们只会寻找自己班机的航班编号以及登机门,而不会去管其它班机的资讯。那「扫读」这个技巧,如何应用在雅思阅读上呢?让我们看以下的选择题:
What serious problem was there during the Sky Train's construction?
(A) Workers were injured.
(B) It caused significant traffic delays.
(C) A motorist was skilled.
(D) Workers disregarded safety procedures.
首先根据「略读」,学员可以判断这题的相关段落是上面文章里的段落B(Bangkok在兴建Sky Train系统时所遭遇到的困难)。然后细读问题后,学员可以发现题目问的是兴建Sky Train「过程中」(during the Sky Train's construction)发生的问题,而不是兴建前的问题,所以学员在阅读段落B时,就可以快速扫过前几行(first of all … wanted to pull the plug)。不过当学员读到接下来的A second major issue was the actual construction时,学员应该就要放慢速度,因为句子里的the actual construction,意思就是题目里的during the Sky Train's construction。继续往下读,学员会读到a taxi driver was killed,也就是题目的正确答案(C) A motorist was skilled
利用「略读」,学员可以快速了解整篇文章的架构,以及找到与题目有关的段落。利用「扫读」,学员可以把注意力放在题目要问的资讯,而忽略其它无关的资讯。因此雅思阅读要考得好,学员不需仔细阅读每个字,而是要灵活地利用文章重点,以迅速找到相关的文句。
除了「略读」与「扫读」外,学员还可以留意以下四个雅思阅读的诀窍:
1.预读
许多学员想争取时间,所以在阅读文章之前,就先阅读题目,判断需要寻找的资讯。然而这种策略有个缺点:一篇阅读会搭配13至14题的题目,而且有些题目很长。许多学员看完题目要开始阅读文章时,已经忘记题目的内容。我们建议学员先利用一到两分钟的时间,迅速浏览文章的标题、格式、各段标题,并且判断文章的主题与可能结构,以激发相关的背景知识。这样的背景知识可以帮助学员记住题目,或者预测可能的答案。
2.以「字组」为阅读单位
许多学员习惯逐字阅读文章,甚至用手指或笔引导阅读方向,导致速度过慢。我们建议学员以两或三个字以上的「字组」为阅读单位,帮助自己断句。以下面的段落为例,流利的读者,可以利用文法将长句切割成几个单位(「//」是断句符号)。通过持续的练习,学生可以让一个字组里的字数更多,进而加快阅读速度。
One essential technique / to increase your reading speed is this: // when you read a line of text, // which is typically 12 – 14 words, / don't let your eyes rest on each word. // This is very inefficient. // Your brain actually has no problem // coping with chunks of language, // four or five words at a time. // This means you will move your eyes // three times per line, not 14. // It does take practice, // but it is a skill you should develop // if you want to get a good score // on your IELTS exam.
3.停止「心读」
许多学员习惯一边阅读,一边在心里默读句子。然而默读与朗读类似,受限于嘴唇发音的速度。我们鼓励学员多利用上面「字组」的方法断句,并且把注意力放在「意义」,而不是「文字」上面,这样学员会比较容易克制想心读的念头。当然,学员可以试著在不影响理解的前提下,加快阅读的速度。一旦理解的速度比嘴巴快,学员就自然不会心读了。
4.不要试著读懂每个字
许多学员遇到不认识的字时,会感到很惶恐,进而放慢阅读的速度。可是文章的作者在论述一件事情时,经常会提供相关资讯。学员可以利用这些脉络,帮助他们推论不认识的字的意思。此外,如果学员能够判断他们不懂的字,不影响他们理解该段的大致意思,或者回答阅读题目的话,他们也可以跳过那些字。不过我们必须强调,想要利用脉络判断一个生字的意思,前提是学员必须有足够的字汇。如果字汇量不足,连上下文都看不太懂,就无法使用这个方法了。因此学员仍然必须累积字汇量,打好字汇的基础。
5.熟悉题型
雅思阅读有14种题型,每种题型都有对应的回答策略。有些题型需要学员掌握段落大意,有些则需要学员找出特定细节。此外,有些题目的顺序,跟文章资讯的顺序一致,有些则不一致。熟悉各种题型的考点与解题方法,学员才能快速地阅读与作答。
以上的五个策略,提供学员练习雅思阅读的方向。不过学员当然还要勤加练习,才可以熟能生巧。巨匠的雅思课程,帮助学员练习这些策略,培养扎实的阅读能力。在这样的基础上,学员可以读得更快、更理解,取得理想的雅思阅读成绩。