【英文文法】三步骤教你拆解英文长句,雅思阅读重点轻松抓!
英文长句拆解步骤一:利用英文文法,将长句拆成短句
无论一个英文句子多长,我们都可以把它拆解成「子句」或「修饰语」的组合。
A. 找出「子句」:主要子句 / 从属子句
我们可以利用连结词(and, so, when, that, whether等等)或关系代名词与副词(who, where, when等等),找出一个长句的主要结构(主要子句)以及次要结构(从属子句)。
例句1:
A tree house is a place where you can give free rein to your individual creativity.
这个长句可以拆成:
a. A tree house is a place. (主要子句)
b. where you can give free rein to your individual creativity. (描述「地点」的从属子句)
例句2:
Mammals have brains so that they can feel pain and fear and can react in disgust.
这个长句可以拆成:
a. Mammals have brains. (主要子句)
b. so that they can feel pain and fear and (they) can react in disgust. (表示「目的」的从属子句)
例句3:
When an animal knows it is being chased and starts to run, is it obeying some ancient instinct, or does it "know" to be afraid?
这个长句可以拆成:
a. When an animal knows it is being chased and starts to run (表示「条件」的从属子句)
b. Is it obeying some ancient instinct, or does it "know" to be afraid? (主要子句)
我们可以把b进一步拆解成两个用or连接而成的子句:
b1. Is it obeying some ancient instinct?
b2. Does it "know" to be afraid?
B. 找出修饰语:修饰句子或名词的结构,包括介系词片语以及分词句型
例句4:
Toward the end of my evening with Philip Ball, I asked whether music's effects on the brain can be harnessed for good.
这个长句可以拆成:
a. Toward the end of my evening with Philip Ball (表示「时间」的介系词片语)
b. I asked (him) whether music's effects on the brain can be harnessed for good. (主要结构)
例句5:
The platform, providing a secure foundation for the rest of the structure, is the key element of almost any tree house.
这个长句可以拆成:
a. The platform is the key element of almost any tree house. (主要子句)
b. providing a secure foundation for the rest of the structure (由形容词子句简化而成的分词句型)
英文长句拆解步骤二:找出句子里的主词与动词
当我们将长句拆解成数个短句与修饰语的组合后,我们可以将注意力放在这些结构里的主词、动词,或其它重要概念(名词或形容词),帮助我们了解整个长句的意义。让我们看以下例句:
A few years ago, I hosted an event with Philip Ball, author of The Music Instinct, at the Royal Institution, where he explained to a packed audience why listening to much current pop music was as demanding as listening to Bach or Beethoven.
这个长句可以拆解成下列短句或概念的组合:
- a few years ago
- I hosted an event with Philip Ball at the Royal Institution
- Philip Ball is the author of The Music Instinct
- he explained to an audience
- why listening to pop music was as demanding as listening to Bach or Beethoven (classical music)
利用相同的方法,我们可以拆解下面的长句:
A new VOLVO, for example, now maintains safe distance in heavy traffic without human intervention, and Nissan is working on software that anticipates a driver's next move, adjusting the car ahead of time.
- A new VOLVO maintains safe distance in heavy traffic without human intervention
- Nissan is working on software
- it anticipates a driver's next move
- adjusting the car ahead of time
英文长句拆解步骤三:注意力放在句子的「意义」,而不是「文法」
当我们熟悉拆解长句的各种文法之后,我们可以试图把注意力放在句子里的概念,而不是这个句子所使用的文法或句型,好帮助我们理解句子的「意义」。大家可能会觉得这个说法有点难理解,所以让我们用一个例子来说明。当我们小时候学骑脚踏车的时候,我们刚开始会把注意力放在「踩踏板」、「刹车」、「保持平衡」、「转弯」等基本动作。可是当我们学会这些基本动作后,我们就会把注意力放在「注意速度」、「注意路面状况」、「留意其他行人(或脚踏车与汽车)」、「遵守交通规则」等这些有关骑乘安全的事情上。相同的道理,当我们熟悉英文文法后,我们在脑海里就可以灵活地重组句子里的概念,好让我们更容易理解与记得句子表达的意义。让我们看以下例句:
In 1998, The Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission made a landmark decision when they found in favor of a woman who accused her employers of discrimination when they did not allow her to return to work on a part-time basis after having a child.
如果只是单纯文法拆解,我们会把上面的句子拆成:
- The Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission made a landmark decision
(人权机会平等委员会做了一个重要判决。)
- they found in favor of a woman
(他们判决一个女子胜诉。)
- the woman accused her employers of discrimination
(她指控她的雇主性别歧视。)
- they did not allow her to return to work on a part-time basis after having a child
(他们不让她生小孩后以兼职的方式返回职场。)
句子变短,所以理解每个短句不是问题,但是整个句子的意思还是有点卡卡的不太顺畅。可是当我们进一步把注意力放在句中几件事情发生的「时间顺序」后,我们可以重新排列成:
- A woman's employers did not allow her to return to work on a part-time basis after having a child.
(一个女子的雇主不让她生小孩后以兼职的方式返回职场。)
- She accused them of discrimination.
(她指控他们性别歧视。)
- The Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission made a landmark decision in favor of her.
(人权机会平等委员会判决该女子胜诉。)
根据事情的发生顺序(英文字表达的概念)做调整后,整个长句的意义马上就变得非常清楚,我们也很容易记得它的意义。如果之后某个阅读理解题考到这个句子,我们可以快速在文章中找到这个句子,或者甚至不需要找到它并且再读一次(因为我们已经记得它的意义),就可以回答问题。
学员刚开始阅读长句时,通常需要慢慢拆解句子,逐步利用上面三个步骤,不过随著阅读经验增加,拆解速度也会加快,最后甚至一次合并上面的三个步骤。这就类似我们学会骑脚踏车之后,我们就不再思考各个基本动作,甚至也把「注意路面状况」与「遵守交通规则」这些事情「内化」到整个骑脚踏车的技能里。阅读长句也是一样。通过持续的练习,刚开始一个长句要看三四次,可是熟练后就可以一次看懂,甚至没有意识到大脑其实已经做了许多事情。
结论
在这篇学习文章里,我们介绍阅读雅思长句的三个步骤,提供学员准备雅思阅读的方向。不过学员当然要勤加练习,才可以熟能生巧。巨匠的雅思课程,帮助学员培养与练习各种阅读技巧,建立扎实的阅读能力。在这样的基础上,学员可以读得更快、更理解,取得理想的雅思阅读成绩。